1) Habitual Curiosity
=> By reflexively assessing their surroundings, it helps them to quickly comprehend a situation. This includes reading the emotional states of others in the same situation. The more quickly they grasp the total picture of what is happening, the better their chances of survival.
2) Ability To Stay Calm
=> Telling yourself to 'stay calm' and 'relax' is useful. Several deep breaths will help. Anger, fear and panic narrows what a person sees and reduces response choices. Being calm improves awareness and effective actions.
3) Sense of Humour and Playfulness
=> Playful humour is said to aid the ability to survive. While a high level of emotional arousal can create super-human strength, when a person is highly emotional, he or she is less able to solve problems and make precise, coordinated movements. Laughing, on the other hand, reduces tension and helps improve efficiency. Humour also leads to more creative solutions.
4) Being Open to New Ideas and Possibilities
=> Survivors are able to consider a wide-range of response choices. This inner flexibility increases their survival chances and gives them an advantage over people who are limited to what they've been taught to do.
5) Self-confidence and Self-appreciation
=> Those who deal with everyday situations in a positive manner fare well as survivors. These are people who habitually convert mistakes into valuable lessons.
6) Ability to Get Over It
=> Survivors don't waste time dwelling in regrets and dissapointment of the past as this is counterproductive. The best way to survive is to deal with the situation at hand.
7) Quick Adaptability
=> Survivors are able to improvise on the spot and take charge of the situation using their knowledge and materials at hand.
8) Emotionally Committed
=> Survivors are able to an emotional commitment to handle what is happening and are able to focus on finding a way to succeed. They never give up!
Sunday, March 28, 2010
~HOLISTIC HEALTH~
1) Stress Less
~ Stress is an undeniable part of life. It comes in handy in emergency situations, but for most of us, it continues for a long period of time. This is when the body is thrown off balance and starts to exhibit signs of ill health, like headaches and digestive and emotional problems. Keep stress at bay with deep breathing, leisurely strolls, meditation, chanting, and listening to soft music. Or you can do anything else that makes you feel good, like relaxing with friends, travelling or enjoying a hobby.
2) Follow The Pyramid
~ The food pyramid has been around for a while, but it's still referred to when it comes to a balanced diet because it makes sound sense! At the base of pyramid are items that you should consume the most, such as cereals and pulses. The second tier consists of fruits and veggies, while the third contains items that are to be consumed moderately, like milk and meat products. At the very top are things to eat sparingly, like oils and fats. The internet is replete with this guide; simply print one out and keep handy when you plan your meals, or get one from your doctor.
3) Get Checked
~ Regular check-ups are a big part of keeping healthy. Keep track of changes in your sugar levels, blood pressure, haemoglobin count, urine analysis, cholesterol and lipid profile, liver function test, ECG and chest X-rays.
4) Move It
~ As you already know, exercising is good for you in so many ways. Not only does it promote weight loss, it also leaves you feeling happier, calmer and more relaxed; it combats chronic illness like heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis and certain types of cancers; it works your heart and lungs more efficiently and gives you more energy to do the things you love and last but certainly not least, it helps you sleep better, provided you don't exercise too close to bedtime. Find out what activities work for you and remember to wear the right shoes and outfit and don't over-exert yourself.
5) Water Works
~ Water is very important for good health. About 60 per cent of your body weight consists of water and every system in your body requires it to function optimally. Water aids in getting rid of toxins, eliminating wastes, regulating body temperature, lubricating joints, assisting in digestion processes and much more. Lack of water leads to dehydration, signs of which include fatigue, headaches, dizziness, little or no urination and a dry mouth, among other problems.
~ Stress is an undeniable part of life. It comes in handy in emergency situations, but for most of us, it continues for a long period of time. This is when the body is thrown off balance and starts to exhibit signs of ill health, like headaches and digestive and emotional problems. Keep stress at bay with deep breathing, leisurely strolls, meditation, chanting, and listening to soft music. Or you can do anything else that makes you feel good, like relaxing with friends, travelling or enjoying a hobby.
2) Follow The Pyramid
~ The food pyramid has been around for a while, but it's still referred to when it comes to a balanced diet because it makes sound sense! At the base of pyramid are items that you should consume the most, such as cereals and pulses. The second tier consists of fruits and veggies, while the third contains items that are to be consumed moderately, like milk and meat products. At the very top are things to eat sparingly, like oils and fats. The internet is replete with this guide; simply print one out and keep handy when you plan your meals, or get one from your doctor.
3) Get Checked
~ Regular check-ups are a big part of keeping healthy. Keep track of changes in your sugar levels, blood pressure, haemoglobin count, urine analysis, cholesterol and lipid profile, liver function test, ECG and chest X-rays.
4) Move It
~ As you already know, exercising is good for you in so many ways. Not only does it promote weight loss, it also leaves you feeling happier, calmer and more relaxed; it combats chronic illness like heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis and certain types of cancers; it works your heart and lungs more efficiently and gives you more energy to do the things you love and last but certainly not least, it helps you sleep better, provided you don't exercise too close to bedtime. Find out what activities work for you and remember to wear the right shoes and outfit and don't over-exert yourself.
5) Water Works
~ Water is very important for good health. About 60 per cent of your body weight consists of water and every system in your body requires it to function optimally. Water aids in getting rid of toxins, eliminating wastes, regulating body temperature, lubricating joints, assisting in digestion processes and much more. Lack of water leads to dehydration, signs of which include fatigue, headaches, dizziness, little or no urination and a dry mouth, among other problems.
Saturday, March 27, 2010
1) COMPLAINING CONSTRUCTIVELY
~ Grumbling about each other is a given in a marriage, but it's all about how it's done. If you lock it all up and suufer in silence, allowing it to snowball only to end up with an eruption of volcanic proportions, your spouse is bound to feel personally attacked on a deeper level. So, instead of saving up your resentment for a rainy day, deal with problems immediately by using clear and specific language. Keep calm and describe the problem as you see it, but avoid sweeping statements. And never lose that feeling of being connected even in moments of anger.
2) SHARE YOUR CONCERNS
~ Never dismiss big issues that are uncomfortable to talk about. When you are being secretive about how you feel, you lose being connected. So set aside time to discuss the problem and lay some ground rules, such as when one is talking, the other must listen without interrupting. Ask each other questions to understand each other's position. Even if this brings conflicts to the surface, it is necessary to smooth things out in the long run.
3) BE A LITTLE SELFISH
~ When a major crisis arises in the family, you will be forced to find inner strength to put up with the additional stress. But often times, we continue giving 110 per cent of ourselves even after the crisis has long passed. This will surely leave you feeling more and more resentful because no one seems to understand you and "play fair". Women are famous for giving continuosly and putting with an "unjust world", leading to them feeling imprisoned. So be a little selfish and learn to be comfortable saying "no" every now and then.
4) SUPPORT EACH OTHER
~Many adults face major depression at some point in their lives, and you could be married to one who is suffering from depression. It could be temporary depression or an unrelenting, chronic gloominess. Either way, you may read your spouse's frustrations as an attack on you. Instead of feeling resentment, listen compassionately and lend support. It's best not to play counsellor and give 'professional' advice on how to 'get over it'. In fact, research shows this is the absolute worst thing you can do as your glum spouse might become angry and critical of you.
5) APPRECIATE THE DIFFERENCES
~ You and your spouse may be as different as night and day. It may seem cute at first, but not after years of marriage, at which point you might attempt ways to change your spouse to be more like you. Except that never works. Studies have shown that happy couples openly discuss their problem points, which makes them more manageable. Therefore, instead of trying to solve the problem, experts say you need to create dialogue. Accepting that the problem may never go away is half the battle won.
~ Grumbling about each other is a given in a marriage, but it's all about how it's done. If you lock it all up and suufer in silence, allowing it to snowball only to end up with an eruption of volcanic proportions, your spouse is bound to feel personally attacked on a deeper level. So, instead of saving up your resentment for a rainy day, deal with problems immediately by using clear and specific language. Keep calm and describe the problem as you see it, but avoid sweeping statements. And never lose that feeling of being connected even in moments of anger.
2) SHARE YOUR CONCERNS
~ Never dismiss big issues that are uncomfortable to talk about. When you are being secretive about how you feel, you lose being connected. So set aside time to discuss the problem and lay some ground rules, such as when one is talking, the other must listen without interrupting. Ask each other questions to understand each other's position. Even if this brings conflicts to the surface, it is necessary to smooth things out in the long run.
3) BE A LITTLE SELFISH
~ When a major crisis arises in the family, you will be forced to find inner strength to put up with the additional stress. But often times, we continue giving 110 per cent of ourselves even after the crisis has long passed. This will surely leave you feeling more and more resentful because no one seems to understand you and "play fair". Women are famous for giving continuosly and putting with an "unjust world", leading to them feeling imprisoned. So be a little selfish and learn to be comfortable saying "no" every now and then.
4) SUPPORT EACH OTHER
~Many adults face major depression at some point in their lives, and you could be married to one who is suffering from depression. It could be temporary depression or an unrelenting, chronic gloominess. Either way, you may read your spouse's frustrations as an attack on you. Instead of feeling resentment, listen compassionately and lend support. It's best not to play counsellor and give 'professional' advice on how to 'get over it'. In fact, research shows this is the absolute worst thing you can do as your glum spouse might become angry and critical of you.
5) APPRECIATE THE DIFFERENCES
~ You and your spouse may be as different as night and day. It may seem cute at first, but not after years of marriage, at which point you might attempt ways to change your spouse to be more like you. Except that never works. Studies have shown that happy couples openly discuss their problem points, which makes them more manageable. Therefore, instead of trying to solve the problem, experts say you need to create dialogue. Accepting that the problem may never go away is half the battle won.
Friday, March 26, 2010
~How To Get Rid Of That Pest!!~
1) RATS
=> Adopt a cat or a dog and you'll end the problem of rodents. However, if you're not an animal lover or are unable to spare the time to nurture a pet, this option is not for you. There are a number of traps (including the heartless snap trap) that are available to capture these pests, and the most humane of all is a normal catch trap that captures the rat in a cage. Do not drown the animal or pour boiling water on it once it is captured. Simply drive away with it to a far-away destination and release it. If this sounds like hard work, then get your act together and keep your home surroundings clean. Most pests are simply looking for a meal. Don't kill them for your sloppiness.
2) LIZARDS
=> These nocturnal creatures love warm, humid areas, so if your home is cooled by the air-conditioner, they're less likely to be around. However, go around your home looking for points of entry. Spray an insect repellent along these entry points every two weeks. Keeping your home free from other insects and bugs will reduce the lizard's food supply, so put the insect repellent to good use. If you've spotted a lizard, you can either kill it it instantly with an insect spray or allow it to wander off, making a note of where it dwells. Then simply place sticks of cinnamon in these areas--the sweet, strong smell of cinnamon will deter them from returning.
3) ANTS
=> These are probably the most difficult of house pests to get rid off. The cleaner you keep your home, the less reason they have doing business there! This means no unwashed dishes in the counter top and no crumbs on your floors. The best way of ridding them is to destroy its colony (with hot boiling water) if you can find it. To deter them from making your home their second home, try sprinkling cornmeal along their trail. After the ants it and consume water, the cornmeal swells inside their digestive organs, causing death.
4) COCKROACHES
=> If you don't get rid of a cockroach the minute you see it, you could have a colony of them in your hands soon enough! To keep them away, spray all your drainage outlets with a roach repellent weekly. Pouring cheap bleach down these outlets also does the trick. You could either install cockroach traps or use a cockroach bait. If you've run out of commercial cockroach spray, simply use a combination of soap and water and spray this on the roach. The soapy water causes them to suffocate.
=> Adopt a cat or a dog and you'll end the problem of rodents. However, if you're not an animal lover or are unable to spare the time to nurture a pet, this option is not for you. There are a number of traps (including the heartless snap trap) that are available to capture these pests, and the most humane of all is a normal catch trap that captures the rat in a cage. Do not drown the animal or pour boiling water on it once it is captured. Simply drive away with it to a far-away destination and release it. If this sounds like hard work, then get your act together and keep your home surroundings clean. Most pests are simply looking for a meal. Don't kill them for your sloppiness.
2) LIZARDS
=> These nocturnal creatures love warm, humid areas, so if your home is cooled by the air-conditioner, they're less likely to be around. However, go around your home looking for points of entry. Spray an insect repellent along these entry points every two weeks. Keeping your home free from other insects and bugs will reduce the lizard's food supply, so put the insect repellent to good use. If you've spotted a lizard, you can either kill it it instantly with an insect spray or allow it to wander off, making a note of where it dwells. Then simply place sticks of cinnamon in these areas--the sweet, strong smell of cinnamon will deter them from returning.
3) ANTS
=> These are probably the most difficult of house pests to get rid off. The cleaner you keep your home, the less reason they have doing business there! This means no unwashed dishes in the counter top and no crumbs on your floors. The best way of ridding them is to destroy its colony (with hot boiling water) if you can find it. To deter them from making your home their second home, try sprinkling cornmeal along their trail. After the ants it and consume water, the cornmeal swells inside their digestive organs, causing death.
4) COCKROACHES
=> If you don't get rid of a cockroach the minute you see it, you could have a colony of them in your hands soon enough! To keep them away, spray all your drainage outlets with a roach repellent weekly. Pouring cheap bleach down these outlets also does the trick. You could either install cockroach traps or use a cockroach bait. If you've run out of commercial cockroach spray, simply use a combination of soap and water and spray this on the roach. The soapy water causes them to suffocate.
~A Stand Against GANGSTERISM~
1) WHAT ATTRACTS YOUNGSTERS TO GANGSTERISM?
a) Protection : Victims of bullies who are afraid to seek help from teachers and family see a gang membership as a means of protection. It is their idea of a solution to the torment and threat they are subjected to.
b)Fast Money : Since our materialistic society advocates spending, it is no surprise why some children see gangs' drugs and criminal activities as a shortcut to getting rich.
c) Retaliation : Sometimes, helpless children join a gang to gather manpower for revenge against those who have inflicted pain or damage on their friends and family.
d) Excitement : Getting into fights and escaping the authorities appear to be exciting in action flicks. And children(especially teenagers) who are always up for a thrill, see gang activities as the perfect avenue to live the experience.
e) Sense of Belonging : Peer pressure can be dangerous. When children have friends or family who belong to gangs, they too, will follow their lead in an attempt to 'fit in'.
f) Fellowship : Those who are deprived of love and attention at home often turn to gangsterism because it offers them the idea of being in a new family where love, loyalty and respect are in abundance.
2) HOW CAN WE PROTECT CHILDREN FROM GANGSTERISM?
~ To raise a good kid, you first have to model positive behaviour
~ Cultivate an open and loving relationship. Let them know that you care and make yourself approachable. Most importantly, if they tell you something in confidence, keep it that way. If you feel that you cannot, let them know before passing on the information.
~ Promote a healthy discussion on sensitive issues such as alcohol, drugs, smoking, gangs and sexual involvement. Make your expectations clear but do not be overbearing.
~ Know who your children are spending time with and monitor their after school activities.
~ Set an appropriate curfew and make sure they stick to it. Remember to also praise good behaviour.
~ Take note of unusual changes in their attire. Certain gangs tend to dress a certain way. Some extremists will also go to the extent of getting a tattoo of the gang's logo.
~ Look out for behavioral changes: frequent loss of temper, violence and truancy. Also be aware if your child suddenly has extra money that cannot be accounted for.
~ If you notice any suspicious gangs harassing your child, inform the authorities.
a) Protection : Victims of bullies who are afraid to seek help from teachers and family see a gang membership as a means of protection. It is their idea of a solution to the torment and threat they are subjected to.
b)Fast Money : Since our materialistic society advocates spending, it is no surprise why some children see gangs' drugs and criminal activities as a shortcut to getting rich.
c) Retaliation : Sometimes, helpless children join a gang to gather manpower for revenge against those who have inflicted pain or damage on their friends and family.
d) Excitement : Getting into fights and escaping the authorities appear to be exciting in action flicks. And children(especially teenagers) who are always up for a thrill, see gang activities as the perfect avenue to live the experience.
e) Sense of Belonging : Peer pressure can be dangerous. When children have friends or family who belong to gangs, they too, will follow their lead in an attempt to 'fit in'.
f) Fellowship : Those who are deprived of love and attention at home often turn to gangsterism because it offers them the idea of being in a new family where love, loyalty and respect are in abundance.
2) HOW CAN WE PROTECT CHILDREN FROM GANGSTERISM?
~ To raise a good kid, you first have to model positive behaviour
~ Cultivate an open and loving relationship. Let them know that you care and make yourself approachable. Most importantly, if they tell you something in confidence, keep it that way. If you feel that you cannot, let them know before passing on the information.
~ Promote a healthy discussion on sensitive issues such as alcohol, drugs, smoking, gangs and sexual involvement. Make your expectations clear but do not be overbearing.
~ Know who your children are spending time with and monitor their after school activities.
~ Set an appropriate curfew and make sure they stick to it. Remember to also praise good behaviour.
~ Take note of unusual changes in their attire. Certain gangs tend to dress a certain way. Some extremists will also go to the extent of getting a tattoo of the gang's logo.
~ Look out for behavioral changes: frequent loss of temper, violence and truancy. Also be aware if your child suddenly has extra money that cannot be accounted for.
~ If you notice any suspicious gangs harassing your child, inform the authorities.
Thursday, March 25, 2010
~SECRET HISTORY OF DIAMONDS~
- Most diamonds are at least one billion years old
- Diamonds are said to have been discovered in India first, where it has been known for at least 3,000 years. Diamonds have been discovered in Canada, Russia, Australia and South America, but the majority of the stones today are mined in South Africa
- In the late 1990's, conflict diamonds or blood diamonds, captured the world's attention during the Sierra Leone conflict. These diamonds, illegally traded to fund conflict in war-torn areas, were estimated to represent approximately four per cent of the world's diamond production. The percentage has significantly dropped today, thanks to a coalition of governments and NGOs backed by the UN that have come together to eradicate this problem. Today, over 99 per cent of the world's diamond supply is from sources that are free of conflict
- The world's largest diamond was the Cullinan, found in South Africa in 1905. It weighed 3106.75 carats uncut. It was cut into the Great Star of Africa diamond, weighing 530.2 carats, the Lesser Star of Africa diamond, which weighs 317.40 carats, and 104 other diamonds of nearly flawless colour and clarity
- Some skin care products contain diamond dust as exfoliant. Largest numbersof diamonds are not used in jewellery or health care but in industries. This is because 80 per cent of mined diamonds are only suitable for industrial purposes. They are used in cutting and grinding and are resistant to heat
- The 4Cs are important when buying a diamond. Cut refers to geometric proportions, symmetry, polish and finish of the stone; Clarify refers to surface blemishes; Carat is the weight of a diamond; Colour describes the amount of hue the diamond contains
- An estimated five mill people have access to appropriate healthcare globally thanks to revenues from diamonds
- An estimated 10 million people globally are directly or indirectly supported by the diamond industry
- The diamond mining industry generates over 40 per cent of Namibia's annual export earnings
- Diamond revenes enable every child in Botswana to receive free education up to the age of 13
- Approximately US$8.5 billion worth of diamonds a year come from African countries
SECRETS OF THE 'TAJ MAHAL'
- Taj Mahal was originally a Hindu temple palace of Lord Shiva, worshipped by the Rajputs of Agra
- The temple was seized by Shah jahan from then Maharaja of Jaipur, Jai Singh. He then had the Hindu ornaments and symbols effaced, inner rooms and chambers sealed (until today) and the palace remodelled into a tomb. Apparently, Shah Jahan admits in his own court chronicle that an exceptionally beautiful grand mansion in Agra was taken from Jai Singh for Mumtaz's burial
- The use of captured temples and mansions as a burial place for dead courtiers and royalty was a common practice among Muslim rulers
- That the name Taj Mahal does not appear in any Mughal court papers or chronicles, even after Shah Jahan's time
- That the term "Mahal" has never been used for a building in any of the Muslim countries
- That the term "Taj Mahal" could not have been derived from Mumtaz Mahal's name because her name was never Mumtaz Mahal, but Mumtaz-ul-Zamani, and that the first three letters from a woman's name cannot be omitted to derive the remainder as the name for the building
- That "Taj Mahal" is a corrupt version of "Tejomahalaya" or the "Shiva's Palace"
- That the love story of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan is a fairy tale created by court sycophants, blundering historians and sloppy archaeologists, and that not a single royal chronicle of Shah Jahan's time corroborates the love story
- That several documents suggest the Taj Mahal predates Shah Jahan's era
Wednesday, March 24, 2010
Bodies Water
A) Gulfs
=> Are large areas of ocean that penetrate into land. Bay are similar to gulfs but are generally smaller and less enclosed by land. Fjords are also inlets from the ocean or the sea, there are usually long, narrow and lined up with steep cliffs.
B) Rivers
=> Rivers provide significant cruise opportunities for you to sell. Currently the most popular are North America's Mississippi, Africa's Nile River. Glacier is a sort of river of near-solid ice compacted snow that flows very slowly down from high, cold places.
C) Waterfalls
=> The dramatic cascades of water are magnets for tourists. Both Niagara Fall and Germany's Rhine Falls have major attractions for centuries.
D) Seas
=> Seas are large bodies of water, usually salty but sometimes fresh. They can be a region of water within an ocean, but usually some sort of land boundaries, such as islands or continental shoreline, partly or almost fully enclose to sea. Like gulfs seas are often the site of resorts, cruises and water-sport activities.
E) Lakes
=> Lakes are smaller than seas, usually fresh and mostly fully encircled by land. Often feature resorts and creation facilities. A few large saltwater lakes have been labelled seas.
F) Lagoons
=> Are shallow bodies of water, generally separated from the ocean by reefs or barrier islands.
G) Bayous
=> Are marshy or swampy areas.
H) Delta
=> Are low, V-shaped areas at the mouth of rivers. Many important port cities.
I) Geysers
=> Are jets of steaming water that shoots high into the air.
=> Are large areas of ocean that penetrate into land. Bay are similar to gulfs but are generally smaller and less enclosed by land. Fjords are also inlets from the ocean or the sea, there are usually long, narrow and lined up with steep cliffs.
B) Rivers
=> Rivers provide significant cruise opportunities for you to sell. Currently the most popular are North America's Mississippi, Africa's Nile River. Glacier is a sort of river of near-solid ice compacted snow that flows very slowly down from high, cold places.
C) Waterfalls
=> The dramatic cascades of water are magnets for tourists. Both Niagara Fall and Germany's Rhine Falls have major attractions for centuries.
D) Seas
=> Seas are large bodies of water, usually salty but sometimes fresh. They can be a region of water within an ocean, but usually some sort of land boundaries, such as islands or continental shoreline, partly or almost fully enclose to sea. Like gulfs seas are often the site of resorts, cruises and water-sport activities.
E) Lakes
=> Lakes are smaller than seas, usually fresh and mostly fully encircled by land. Often feature resorts and creation facilities. A few large saltwater lakes have been labelled seas.
F) Lagoons
=> Are shallow bodies of water, generally separated from the ocean by reefs or barrier islands.
G) Bayous
=> Are marshy or swampy areas.
H) Delta
=> Are low, V-shaped areas at the mouth of rivers. Many important port cities.
I) Geysers
=> Are jets of steaming water that shoots high into the air.
Landforms
1) Continents
~ are the major landmasses of the earth. How many continents are there in the world? Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia/Oceania.
2) Islands
~ Because of their natural isolated beauty, islands are often major destinations. Thousands of them cover the earth, but the most popular groupings are found in the Caribbean, Mediterranean and throughout the Pacific.
3) Cays
~ These are both projections of land into the water. Generally, peninsular are longer than capes. Among peninsular that are popular destinations are Baja in Mexico. Some tourist important capes are Cape Canaveral in Florida USA.
4) Panhandles
~ The term panhandle is often applied to a narrow portion of a country or state that 'sticks out' into another, example like Alaska panhandle extends southward into Canada.
5) Reefs
~ Reefs are ridges of land that rise to or near the surface of water. They are often found just offshore. Composed of sand, rock and coral, reefs can offer superb diving opportunities. Major reef diving and snorkeling areas lie off Australia's northeast coast, off the east coasts of Africa and Brazil and throughout the Caribbean, the South Pacific, Indonesia and the Philippines.
~ are the major landmasses of the earth. How many continents are there in the world? Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia/Oceania.
2) Islands
~ Because of their natural isolated beauty, islands are often major destinations. Thousands of them cover the earth, but the most popular groupings are found in the Caribbean, Mediterranean and throughout the Pacific.
3) Cays
~ These are both projections of land into the water. Generally, peninsular are longer than capes. Among peninsular that are popular destinations are Baja in Mexico. Some tourist important capes are Cape Canaveral in Florida USA.
4) Panhandles
~ The term panhandle is often applied to a narrow portion of a country or state that 'sticks out' into another, example like Alaska panhandle extends southward into Canada.
5) Reefs
~ Reefs are ridges of land that rise to or near the surface of water. They are often found just offshore. Composed of sand, rock and coral, reefs can offer superb diving opportunities. Major reef diving and snorkeling areas lie off Australia's northeast coast, off the east coasts of Africa and Brazil and throughout the Caribbean, the South Pacific, Indonesia and the Philippines.
Map Consideration
1) HEMISPHERE
~ Everything north of the equator is called Northern Hemisphere, and the south is Southern Hemisphere. For the northern part, winter in is January and summer in July. But for southern area, summer is in January and winter is in July. Not forgetting, the world is further divided into Western Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere.
2) LATITUDE
~ Is the distance measured north and south of the equator (expressed in standard geography as degrees). The farther away from the equator your destination, the greater the variations will be between seasonal temperatures and between hours of night and day.
3) LONGITUDE
~ Is the distance east and west of an arbitrary line, caked the prime meridian, which passes through the Old Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England. Represented as vertical lines on most maps, longitude lines are measured in degrees. The impact on longitude lines in selling destinations is the time zone.
4) INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE
~ Time zone figuring involves international date line, a vertical zigzagging line that bisects the Pacific Ocean. Crossing it requires a bit of complicated thinking, often expressed as 'gaining a day' or 'losing a day'. The time of day remains the same.
5) ELAPSED FLYING TIME AND THE 24 HOUR CLOCK
~ One thing people often ask about that isn't always hiven in airline timetables, how long will a flight take? First, you must understand that time in the travel business is often expressed as a 4 digit number, 7 a.m is 0700, 10 a.m is 1000, and when the time changes to afternoon, instead of 1.30 p.m, it becomes 1300 hours.
~ Everything north of the equator is called Northern Hemisphere, and the south is Southern Hemisphere. For the northern part, winter in is January and summer in July. But for southern area, summer is in January and winter is in July. Not forgetting, the world is further divided into Western Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere.
2) LATITUDE
~ Is the distance measured north and south of the equator (expressed in standard geography as degrees). The farther away from the equator your destination, the greater the variations will be between seasonal temperatures and between hours of night and day.
3) LONGITUDE
~ Is the distance east and west of an arbitrary line, caked the prime meridian, which passes through the Old Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England. Represented as vertical lines on most maps, longitude lines are measured in degrees. The impact on longitude lines in selling destinations is the time zone.
4) INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE
~ Time zone figuring involves international date line, a vertical zigzagging line that bisects the Pacific Ocean. Crossing it requires a bit of complicated thinking, often expressed as 'gaining a day' or 'losing a day'. The time of day remains the same.
5) ELAPSED FLYING TIME AND THE 24 HOUR CLOCK
~ One thing people often ask about that isn't always hiven in airline timetables, how long will a flight take? First, you must understand that time in the travel business is often expressed as a 4 digit number, 7 a.m is 0700, 10 a.m is 1000, and when the time changes to afternoon, instead of 1.30 p.m, it becomes 1300 hours.
Types of Maps Used While Travelling
A) Flat Maps
=> Come in many varieties with the 'Mercator Projection'. The most commonly used. Flat maps are somewhat distorted because it shows the whole image of our actual curve earth. Maps that can lie flat 'lie' not accurate.
B) Route Maps
=> A useful reference tool. Each airline often distributes a map that shows ail the routes that it flies.
C) Locator Maps
=> These are often found in travel industry reference books. Usually representing a small area, such as a city, a help to find the locations of attractions a hotels. Locator maps indicate places through a grid of numbers and letters rather than with the degree of a conventional map.
D) Mental Maps
=> A mental map represents the way you picture geography in your mind. A deceiving feature of mental maps, the farther away a destination is, the more simple, close together and more error prone its features become in your mind.
=> Come in many varieties with the 'Mercator Projection'. The most commonly used. Flat maps are somewhat distorted because it shows the whole image of our actual curve earth. Maps that can lie flat 'lie' not accurate.
B) Route Maps
=> A useful reference tool. Each airline often distributes a map that shows ail the routes that it flies.
C) Locator Maps
=> These are often found in travel industry reference books. Usually representing a small area, such as a city, a help to find the locations of attractions a hotels. Locator maps indicate places through a grid of numbers and letters rather than with the degree of a conventional map.
D) Mental Maps
=> A mental map represents the way you picture geography in your mind. A deceiving feature of mental maps, the farther away a destination is, the more simple, close together and more error prone its features become in your mind.
TYPES OF FLIGHTS SERVICES
1) Direct Flight
-> A direct flight (through flight contains one or more intermediate stops at which the passengers does nor change planes). Direct service also means single plane service because there is no change in flight number.
2) Nonstop Flight
-> A non-stop flight contains no intermediate stops, the passenger are carried through directly to their intended destination. It is also single plane service because there is no change of flight number. This is the most desirable type of flight service.
3) Connecting Flight
-> A connecting flight has one or more intermediate stops that require passenger to change aircraft and flight number. A single connection requires the passenger to change planes once at a connecting airport. A double connection requires the passenger to change planes twice at 2 connecting airports. Most connecting flight service are single connections. There are 2 types of single or double connections.
4) On-line Connection
~ Is a connection with a change aircraft and flight number within the same airline.
5) Off-line Connection
~ Is a connection with a change of aircraft and flight number between 2 different airlines. This is also called interline connection.
-> A direct flight (through flight contains one or more intermediate stops at which the passengers does nor change planes). Direct service also means single plane service because there is no change in flight number.
2) Nonstop Flight
-> A non-stop flight contains no intermediate stops, the passenger are carried through directly to their intended destination. It is also single plane service because there is no change of flight number. This is the most desirable type of flight service.
3) Connecting Flight
-> A connecting flight has one or more intermediate stops that require passenger to change aircraft and flight number. A single connection requires the passenger to change planes once at a connecting airport. A double connection requires the passenger to change planes twice at 2 connecting airports. Most connecting flight service are single connections. There are 2 types of single or double connections.
4) On-line Connection
~ Is a connection with a change aircraft and flight number within the same airline.
5) Off-line Connection
~ Is a connection with a change of aircraft and flight number between 2 different airlines. This is also called interline connection.
Types of Communication Equipment Most Commonly Used in The Industry Reservation Environment
A) VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT (VDU)
~ is an automated system access terminals comprise a cathode ray tube (CRT) screen and usually, but not necessarily a keyboard for system interrogation.
B) PRINTER TERMINALS
~ Used only to received messages from a system such as system responses or screen dumps from VDU or from a network such as interline messages and are therefore often referred to as Received Only Printers (ROPs).
C) TELEPRINTER
~ A machine similar to an electric typewriter. Used as a telecommunication system for the transmission and reception of messages by means of electrical impulses which are translated into printed characters.
D) TELEX MACHINE
~ A telephone which operates in the same manner as a telephone. For example, before transmitting any message, the sender must obtain temporary communication connection by "dialing" the recipient's telex number. The advantage, there is an answerback / feedback facility which confirms the connection is success.
E) FAX
~ A machine operates like teleprinter or telex machine but the date to be transmitted is presented to the machine already prepared on page copy (documents). It does not have to be typed into the machine. However, there is no answerback facility so a careful procedure must be given before transmitting documents.
F) ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL)
~ A new method in communication, overcomes the need for those trying to communicate urgent information to be physically contactable at the time of the intended communication.
~ is an automated system access terminals comprise a cathode ray tube (CRT) screen and usually, but not necessarily a keyboard for system interrogation.
B) PRINTER TERMINALS
~ Used only to received messages from a system such as system responses or screen dumps from VDU or from a network such as interline messages and are therefore often referred to as Received Only Printers (ROPs).
C) TELEPRINTER
~ A machine similar to an electric typewriter. Used as a telecommunication system for the transmission and reception of messages by means of electrical impulses which are translated into printed characters.
D) TELEX MACHINE
~ A telephone which operates in the same manner as a telephone. For example, before transmitting any message, the sender must obtain temporary communication connection by "dialing" the recipient's telex number. The advantage, there is an answerback / feedback facility which confirms the connection is success.
E) FAX
~ A machine operates like teleprinter or telex machine but the date to be transmitted is presented to the machine already prepared on page copy (documents). It does not have to be typed into the machine. However, there is no answerback facility so a careful procedure must be given before transmitting documents.
F) ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL)
~ A new method in communication, overcomes the need for those trying to communicate urgent information to be physically contactable at the time of the intended communication.
Reservation Data
1) Inventory Management
~ Control of the number of customers booked for a particular service. For example, a given flight for a specific segment on a particular day in a specific class. It reduces the risk of having to deny a customer the service required.
2) Management Information
~ To assess anticipated revenue earnings, to know the various prices with a particular booked service and the number of customers expected to take up the booked service. For example, the number of passengers expected to travel on a series of flights covering a specified route or series of routes over any particular period of time.
3) Catering and / or Special Services
~ To determine items required for that particular service per day. For example, member and types of passengers which influence the type of meals required.
4) Boarding Information
~ To provide the service delivery point with details of the number and names or each customer by class of service booked.
5) Capacity & Planning Adjustment
~ To estimate the advance volume of customers that can be expected to take up a service at the time of delivery. For example, the number of passenger that can be expected to travel on a particular flight or route on a particular day or on a specific period. This aspect of reservation control allows for the continual and on going reassessment or estimation of likely take up leading optimum revenue return.
6) Yield Control
~ To facilitate control of the yield obtained from each class of services in a mix classes for the services being offered. For example, of each booking designator offered on a flights.
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