1) Continents
~ are the major landmasses of the earth. How many continents are there in the world? Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia/Oceania.
2) Islands
~ Because of their natural isolated beauty, islands are often major destinations. Thousands of them cover the earth, but the most popular groupings are found in the Caribbean, Mediterranean and throughout the Pacific.
3) Cays
~ These are both projections of land into the water. Generally, peninsular are longer than capes. Among peninsular that are popular destinations are Baja in Mexico. Some tourist important capes are Cape Canaveral in Florida USA.
4) Panhandles
~ The term panhandle is often applied to a narrow portion of a country or state that 'sticks out' into another, example like Alaska panhandle extends southward into Canada.
5) Reefs
~ Reefs are ridges of land that rise to or near the surface of water. They are often found just offshore. Composed of sand, rock and coral, reefs can offer superb diving opportunities. Major reef diving and snorkeling areas lie off Australia's northeast coast, off the east coasts of Africa and Brazil and throughout the Caribbean, the South Pacific, Indonesia and the Philippines.
Wednesday, March 24, 2010
Map Consideration
1) HEMISPHERE
~ Everything north of the equator is called Northern Hemisphere, and the south is Southern Hemisphere. For the northern part, winter in is January and summer in July. But for southern area, summer is in January and winter is in July. Not forgetting, the world is further divided into Western Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere.
2) LATITUDE
~ Is the distance measured north and south of the equator (expressed in standard geography as degrees). The farther away from the equator your destination, the greater the variations will be between seasonal temperatures and between hours of night and day.
3) LONGITUDE
~ Is the distance east and west of an arbitrary line, caked the prime meridian, which passes through the Old Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England. Represented as vertical lines on most maps, longitude lines are measured in degrees. The impact on longitude lines in selling destinations is the time zone.
4) INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE
~ Time zone figuring involves international date line, a vertical zigzagging line that bisects the Pacific Ocean. Crossing it requires a bit of complicated thinking, often expressed as 'gaining a day' or 'losing a day'. The time of day remains the same.
5) ELAPSED FLYING TIME AND THE 24 HOUR CLOCK
~ One thing people often ask about that isn't always hiven in airline timetables, how long will a flight take? First, you must understand that time in the travel business is often expressed as a 4 digit number, 7 a.m is 0700, 10 a.m is 1000, and when the time changes to afternoon, instead of 1.30 p.m, it becomes 1300 hours.
~ Everything north of the equator is called Northern Hemisphere, and the south is Southern Hemisphere. For the northern part, winter in is January and summer in July. But for southern area, summer is in January and winter is in July. Not forgetting, the world is further divided into Western Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere.
2) LATITUDE
~ Is the distance measured north and south of the equator (expressed in standard geography as degrees). The farther away from the equator your destination, the greater the variations will be between seasonal temperatures and between hours of night and day.
3) LONGITUDE
~ Is the distance east and west of an arbitrary line, caked the prime meridian, which passes through the Old Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England. Represented as vertical lines on most maps, longitude lines are measured in degrees. The impact on longitude lines in selling destinations is the time zone.
4) INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE
~ Time zone figuring involves international date line, a vertical zigzagging line that bisects the Pacific Ocean. Crossing it requires a bit of complicated thinking, often expressed as 'gaining a day' or 'losing a day'. The time of day remains the same.
5) ELAPSED FLYING TIME AND THE 24 HOUR CLOCK
~ One thing people often ask about that isn't always hiven in airline timetables, how long will a flight take? First, you must understand that time in the travel business is often expressed as a 4 digit number, 7 a.m is 0700, 10 a.m is 1000, and when the time changes to afternoon, instead of 1.30 p.m, it becomes 1300 hours.
Types of Maps Used While Travelling
A) Flat Maps
=> Come in many varieties with the 'Mercator Projection'. The most commonly used. Flat maps are somewhat distorted because it shows the whole image of our actual curve earth. Maps that can lie flat 'lie' not accurate.
B) Route Maps
=> A useful reference tool. Each airline often distributes a map that shows ail the routes that it flies.
C) Locator Maps
=> These are often found in travel industry reference books. Usually representing a small area, such as a city, a help to find the locations of attractions a hotels. Locator maps indicate places through a grid of numbers and letters rather than with the degree of a conventional map.
D) Mental Maps
=> A mental map represents the way you picture geography in your mind. A deceiving feature of mental maps, the farther away a destination is, the more simple, close together and more error prone its features become in your mind.
=> Come in many varieties with the 'Mercator Projection'. The most commonly used. Flat maps are somewhat distorted because it shows the whole image of our actual curve earth. Maps that can lie flat 'lie' not accurate.
B) Route Maps
=> A useful reference tool. Each airline often distributes a map that shows ail the routes that it flies.
C) Locator Maps
=> These are often found in travel industry reference books. Usually representing a small area, such as a city, a help to find the locations of attractions a hotels. Locator maps indicate places through a grid of numbers and letters rather than with the degree of a conventional map.
D) Mental Maps
=> A mental map represents the way you picture geography in your mind. A deceiving feature of mental maps, the farther away a destination is, the more simple, close together and more error prone its features become in your mind.
TYPES OF FLIGHTS SERVICES
1) Direct Flight
-> A direct flight (through flight contains one or more intermediate stops at which the passengers does nor change planes). Direct service also means single plane service because there is no change in flight number.
2) Nonstop Flight
-> A non-stop flight contains no intermediate stops, the passenger are carried through directly to their intended destination. It is also single plane service because there is no change of flight number. This is the most desirable type of flight service.
3) Connecting Flight
-> A connecting flight has one or more intermediate stops that require passenger to change aircraft and flight number. A single connection requires the passenger to change planes once at a connecting airport. A double connection requires the passenger to change planes twice at 2 connecting airports. Most connecting flight service are single connections. There are 2 types of single or double connections.
4) On-line Connection
~ Is a connection with a change aircraft and flight number within the same airline.
5) Off-line Connection
~ Is a connection with a change of aircraft and flight number between 2 different airlines. This is also called interline connection.
-> A direct flight (through flight contains one or more intermediate stops at which the passengers does nor change planes). Direct service also means single plane service because there is no change in flight number.
2) Nonstop Flight
-> A non-stop flight contains no intermediate stops, the passenger are carried through directly to their intended destination. It is also single plane service because there is no change of flight number. This is the most desirable type of flight service.
3) Connecting Flight
-> A connecting flight has one or more intermediate stops that require passenger to change aircraft and flight number. A single connection requires the passenger to change planes once at a connecting airport. A double connection requires the passenger to change planes twice at 2 connecting airports. Most connecting flight service are single connections. There are 2 types of single or double connections.
4) On-line Connection
~ Is a connection with a change aircraft and flight number within the same airline.
5) Off-line Connection
~ Is a connection with a change of aircraft and flight number between 2 different airlines. This is also called interline connection.
Types of Communication Equipment Most Commonly Used in The Industry Reservation Environment
A) VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT (VDU)
~ is an automated system access terminals comprise a cathode ray tube (CRT) screen and usually, but not necessarily a keyboard for system interrogation.
B) PRINTER TERMINALS
~ Used only to received messages from a system such as system responses or screen dumps from VDU or from a network such as interline messages and are therefore often referred to as Received Only Printers (ROPs).
C) TELEPRINTER
~ A machine similar to an electric typewriter. Used as a telecommunication system for the transmission and reception of messages by means of electrical impulses which are translated into printed characters.
D) TELEX MACHINE
~ A telephone which operates in the same manner as a telephone. For example, before transmitting any message, the sender must obtain temporary communication connection by "dialing" the recipient's telex number. The advantage, there is an answerback / feedback facility which confirms the connection is success.
E) FAX
~ A machine operates like teleprinter or telex machine but the date to be transmitted is presented to the machine already prepared on page copy (documents). It does not have to be typed into the machine. However, there is no answerback facility so a careful procedure must be given before transmitting documents.
F) ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL)
~ A new method in communication, overcomes the need for those trying to communicate urgent information to be physically contactable at the time of the intended communication.
~ is an automated system access terminals comprise a cathode ray tube (CRT) screen and usually, but not necessarily a keyboard for system interrogation.
B) PRINTER TERMINALS
~ Used only to received messages from a system such as system responses or screen dumps from VDU or from a network such as interline messages and are therefore often referred to as Received Only Printers (ROPs).
C) TELEPRINTER
~ A machine similar to an electric typewriter. Used as a telecommunication system for the transmission and reception of messages by means of electrical impulses which are translated into printed characters.
D) TELEX MACHINE
~ A telephone which operates in the same manner as a telephone. For example, before transmitting any message, the sender must obtain temporary communication connection by "dialing" the recipient's telex number. The advantage, there is an answerback / feedback facility which confirms the connection is success.
E) FAX
~ A machine operates like teleprinter or telex machine but the date to be transmitted is presented to the machine already prepared on page copy (documents). It does not have to be typed into the machine. However, there is no answerback facility so a careful procedure must be given before transmitting documents.
F) ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL)
~ A new method in communication, overcomes the need for those trying to communicate urgent information to be physically contactable at the time of the intended communication.
Reservation Data
1) Inventory Management
~ Control of the number of customers booked for a particular service. For example, a given flight for a specific segment on a particular day in a specific class. It reduces the risk of having to deny a customer the service required.
2) Management Information
~ To assess anticipated revenue earnings, to know the various prices with a particular booked service and the number of customers expected to take up the booked service. For example, the number of passengers expected to travel on a series of flights covering a specified route or series of routes over any particular period of time.
3) Catering and / or Special Services
~ To determine items required for that particular service per day. For example, member and types of passengers which influence the type of meals required.
4) Boarding Information
~ To provide the service delivery point with details of the number and names or each customer by class of service booked.
5) Capacity & Planning Adjustment
~ To estimate the advance volume of customers that can be expected to take up a service at the time of delivery. For example, the number of passenger that can be expected to travel on a particular flight or route on a particular day or on a specific period. This aspect of reservation control allows for the continual and on going reassessment or estimation of likely take up leading optimum revenue return.
6) Yield Control
~ To facilitate control of the yield obtained from each class of services in a mix classes for the services being offered. For example, of each booking designator offered on a flights.
Monday, February 8, 2010
1) HURRICANES, TYPHOONS, CYCLONES
- Tropical Cyclones are storm systems characterised by a large low-pressure centre and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to as hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression or simply cyclone.
- Few events rival their power. Not only can they produce extremely powerful winds and torrential rain, they can also churn the sea and produce high waves (50 feet/15 metres) and damaging storms as well as tornadoes. they develop over large bodies of warm water and build energy as they move across the ocean. They lose their strength upon reaching land, but not before unleashing devastating damage to coastal regions.
2) TSUNAMIS
- When an underwater disturbance like an earthquake occurs, millions of galloons of seawater are suddenly displaced, creating waves that radiate in all directions at the speed of a commercial jet! The waves are unnoticeable at sea,but closer to shore, they gather height quickly (reaching up to 34 feet high) before hitting land.
- The December 26, 2004 tsunamis resulted from a massive underwater earthquake measuring 9.0 on the Richter scale was the largest since 1964. The resulting tsunami caused an unimaginably high death toll of more than 220,000.
3) ICEBERGS
- While sea ice poses little danger to humas, it is the mountainous icebergs one should worry about (we all know what happened to the RMS Titanic in 1912)
- What makes them dangerous is the part you can't see. The biggest ones can reach 400 feet above water, but what lies beneath can be 7-10 times bigger. Running into them at high speed is like smashing a car into concrete.
4) WHIRLPOOLS & MAELSTROMS
- A whirlpool is swirling body of water usually produced by ocean tides. Some exhibit a downward pull called a vortex. The more powerful ones are called maelstroms.
- The world's strongest maelstrom is the Saltstraumen outside Bodo, Norway. There's a window of opportunity when currents appear calm enough for larger ships to pass through, but it currents are constantly churning, making this the planet's most dangerous maelstrom.
5) ROGUE WAVES
- These spontaneous monster waves occuring in the middle of the ocean were thought to be legendary for the longest time, and although seafarer stories and damage to ships hinted at their existence, scientific evidence wasn't available until one was photographed by chance in the mid 1990's.
- Mid-ocean waves commonly reach 23 feet in height, sometimes 49 feet. But sailors have reported waves that measure up to 98 feet that appear without warning, often in clear weather. Though they are big enough to crush and sink large ships, these rogue waves aren't always the biggest waves found at sea. They are, however, monstrous given the sea conditions.
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)
